Street Art in the Baltic Region

Why this? The Basics

During the Soviet era, art played a crucial role in the system of Soviet propaganda. Politicians employed street-scale art to monumentalize figures like Stalin while also glorifying the entirety of the regime. While these physical reminders of the USSR are forever immortalized in photographs, post-Soviet cities have attempted to reclaim their pre-Soviet identity and often invent new identities. Street art was an obvious choice. Originally used as a means to reclaim public space as information spheres where banned topics were presented, street art has continued to be used as a place of political discourse. Whether legal or illegal, it allows citizens to play an active role in making their mark on a city, reshaping the narrative of their urban life, and reinventing the urban fabric of a place.

Illegalities aside, street art is an unbarred medium that allows anonymous commenters to express their sentiment on a truly public stage. (Zimberg 2012, 5)

General categories of graffiti:

Anonymous (Riga, Latvia)

Murals

Jurgis Maciunas, the 'Wise Old Man' (Kaunas, Lithuania)

Freehand Writing

Anonymous (Vilnius, Lithuania- personal photo)

Techniques

Stencils

Sticker Art

Anonymous (Tartu, Estonia- personal photo)

Wheatpastes

Airbrush

Anonymous (Lithuania)

History

graffiti by its modern definition—writing on public walls to convey a message, however vulgar or seemingly meaningless—was first recorded in the early 1970s and credited to Soviet football fanatics. (Zimberg 2012, 12)

The 1980s saw a loosening of restrictions and increased access to media. A disparate variety of groups became responsible for graffiti/street art production. Everyone from pacifist groups, fascists, anarchists, hippies, punks, and Antifa participated in this art form.

(left to right, clockwise) Photo 1: Anarchist symbol in Tartu, Estonia (anonymous- personal photo) Photo 2: Anarchist symbol inside pacifist message in Riga, Latvia (anonymous, personal photo) Photo 3: Vilnius Riot Squad tag in Vilnius, Lithuania. Such tags are found all over Europe (anonymous)

Punk lovers, ideologically opposed to figures of authority, also began to systematically tattoo the Soviet streets with their chosen badge, the anarchist symbol. (Zimberg 2012, 13)


Vilnius, Lithuania

Map

Street Art in Vilnius - Street Art Cities

Walls That Remember- Lina Šlipavičiūtė-Černiauskienė

Vilnius Artifact Report

"The Shohet" in Utena, created in summer 2020

The artist with a recent mural in  Seirijai, Lithuania .

Acts of Anti-Semitism

Demographics

2014 Survey from the Anti-Defamation League: 36% of Lithuania harbors anti-Semitic attitudes/beliefs

Controversies

Recent statements (June 14th, 2023) from Lithuanian MP Remigijus Žemaitaitis have come under fire due to criticism towards Israel that ended with common antisemitic rhyme that called for the killing of Jewish people

Using this opportunity, MP Žemaitaitis is seeking to legitimize anti-Semitic attitudes and the crackdown on Jews. We strongly condemn this comment by the member of the Seimas and all forms of anti-Semitism and hatred [Israeli Ambassador Hadas Wittenberg]

2019 marked an uptick in antisemitic actions in Vilnius with a swastika found made of flowers and soil outside of the Jewish Community of Lithuania’s headquarters the week before the Day of Remembrance for Jewish victims of genocide

In 2019, the Walls That Remember were subjected to anti-semitic graffiti, occurring during the timing of the Jewish holiday of Sukkot that October

Walls That Remember Art Installation Vandalized

Ms. Šlipavičiūtė-Černiauskienė's work is more important than ever. She strives to portray everyday Lithuanians who also identify as Jewish. By choosing primarily secular images of Jews, she shows their inherent humanity while also honoring their memory and the loss of the Jewish community in Lithuania. Because Ms. Šlipavičiūtė-Černiauskienė uses street art as the medium by which she conveys this message, she connects the fabric of the city to its history as a Jewish center. Vilnius is not Vilnius without its Jewish history.

An Interview with the Artist

What inspires your work? What mediums and forms of production do you typically use in the production of your work?

My street art projects are usually inspired by the local context and, in some cases, current events. With my art, I am aiming to express my own concerns and opinions on particular topics. For instance, Walls that Remember was inspired by walks in the old town of Vilnius and the desire to get people to remember and cherish the heritage we have. That of a flourishing Jewish community we lost. A significant part of the Lithuanian community is still struggling with accepting the fact that many Lithuanians did willingly take part in the Holocaust, and Walls that Remember was my way of talking about the things we lost. For my urban art, I mostly use stencils. However, I am also exploring new technologies and merging them with traditional art forms. For instance, two of my pieces were printed on walls by a robot from Estonia, and the most recent mural was actually painted by hand the entire way, instead of using stencils or other modern tools. The means of production aren't being dictated by the subject, but it does correlate in some cases. For instance, most (but not all) pieces of Walls that Remember were done with stencils in order to maintain a coherent style of all the murals.

For “Walls that Remember,” what was your process for finding the images and models used in your final products?

It all started with archives, both physical and digital. I was looking for pictures of the Vilnius' Jewish quarter from the 1920's and 1930's, and some of the best shots were found in Poland's digital archive. With a wide selection of photos to work with, I moved to selecting particular walls in the Jewish Quarter and picking the best image for every wall that was selected. Of course, the future murals had to be approved by every building's owners, and in some instances, several visualisations were prepared for a single wall, so the owners could pick their favorites. In all the cases, their favorites were also my favorites :). In Vilnius, all the people from the photographs were of unknown identity. A different approach was taken when the project expanded to other regions, mostly small towns that had large Jewish populations before WWII. In those towns, the local archives usually had photos of people with names and bios available. So we could add a story to every mural: a shohet, a sofer, a brave little girl from a local school etc. Every single mural was a unique experience.

In what ways did “Walls that Remember” change the way you view Vilnius?

The project expanded and deepened my view of the city. While working on the project, I gained a lot of new knowledge about my city and its history. I also got a much deeper perception of the Jewish culture and its impact on Vilnius and Lithuania in general. Now, I feel obliged to say that Lithuania suffered a tremendous loss because of the Holocaust, since the Jewish community was a large and integral part of Lithuanian culture.

More generally speaking, how political is street art in Vilnius?  

In some cases, it is political. Especially since February 2022, when Russia invaded Ukraine. Now, Vilnius has multiple pieces of street art devoted to supporting Ukraine. One of them is actually mine :). But I wouldn't say street art is politicised in general. We have a wide variety of street art, and the pieces touch multiple topics. I think street art's essence is communicating a social message that touches the community, not something dictated by politicians - cause in that case, it would be more of an advertisement than art.

How do you view street art’s ability to reimagine cities and the meaning of urban spaces?

I think street art has a tremendous potential. Street art has the ability to voice the people's ideas and organically enrich the city with various topics, opinions and thoughts - sometimes, including emotions like rage, resistance and discontent. Street art can be mesmerising and deeply powerful thanks to its visual capacities, it can appeal to masses instantly, due to its powerful nature. 


Tartu, Estonia

Map

Tartu tänavakunsti kaart/ Street art map of Tartu - Google My Maps

Stencibility

(Stencibility 2011)

Since 2011, Stencibility has hosted street artists from around the world in Tartu. The festival focuses on experimentation using small-scale street art produced using various mediums including stencils and stickers. Chosen artists are asked to come to Tartu without a plan or sketch to permit total artistic freedom and spontaneity. Stencibilty reinstates the egalitarian nature of street art, which, in a world of mural festivals and privatized public art, has become increasingly institutionalized.

Unique among other street art festivals, the "blank page" strategy fosters trust between artists, organizers, municipality, and the property owners of buildings being 'created on.'

Unlike other street art festivals, Stencibility ran in 2021 but focused primarily on local artists because of the Coronavirus pandemic.

They experiment with the format of a 'spraycation'- allowing artists to choose from pre-arranged locations, but produce the actual content on the spot. (stencibility.eu)

Images from stencibility.eu/gallery, 2010-2023

SLÄP! Sticker Van

SLÄP! celebrates the sticker as a form of street art. Since 2018, SLÄP! has collaborated with over 300 artists from 35 countries to cover a traveling exhibition (aka a van) with stickers. In 2023, they will cover an entire city bus with stickers. You can be a part of this too! Send stickers to:

Stencibility Post office box 95 Ringtee post office Võru 167 50115 Tartu Estonia

1/4 of the stickers sent will be sent back as trade packs to all the participants 1/4 of the stickers sent will be sold to support the exhibition 2/4 of the stickers sent will be slapped on the city bus

Plan B

Plan B is a plan devised for an outcome other than in the usual (expected) plan. (planbstreetart.com)

1

Cambell's Soup

"The [Campbell's soup] cans are accompanied by sentences that are mimicking original Campbell’s advertisement slogans. Together they create a critical stance towards the popularity and commercialization of street art." (planbstreetart.com)

2

La Liberté

A street art take on Eugène Delacroix’s painting La Liberté guidant le peuple alludes to art's, in particular street art's, ability to reinvent social and political systems in the name of 'liberty for all.'


Final Thoughts

Urban culture is composed of two categories: material and non-material culture. Street art represents a marriage of these two levels and thus is the epitome of urban culture. As an art form, street art exhibits all of the characteristics of material culture: aesthetic appeal, a physical relationship with a creator, allusions to other well-known cultural objects, etc., but it also carries symbolic meaning, historical narratives, social networks, and political messages- non-material culture.

(Vilnius, Lithuania- personal, Ugninis Povilas using soot burning technique)

The three cities whose urban spaces we explored and recorded- Vilnius, Riga, and Tartu- can all be defined as 'creative cities.' Such cities rely on the capacity of the arts and culture to foster urban livability, social cohesion, and cultural identity. Through personal evidence, observational data, and quick internet searches detailing the various art/music/cultural festivals held in each of these cities, it is obvious that Riga, Vilnius, and Tartu more than fulfill this definition.

(Tartu, Estonia- personal, anonymous)

The medium of street art enabled the preservation of material and non-material culture throughout the Soviet regime. Its anonymous nature, flexible application, and universality of visual expression allow the two levels of culture to exist in concert while also engaging viewers in the aesthetic, political, cultural, and historical discourse offered by street art.

(Riga, Latvia- anonymous, Kristians Brekte)

At the end of the day, political or not, symbolic or not, street art is an expression of freedom. Artists are supposed to have (at least some) fun with the act of creation. Cities should be joyfully and cheekily splashed with color. What's even better, this color often has deep significance (again though, art for the sake of art is still valuable!). From the large-scale murals of Vilnius and Riga to the infinite, sometimes goofy sometimes serious stickers of Tartu, these cities have been knit together by their urban art, which is now an integral part of their inherent nature.

Works Cited *Images are excluded

Walls That Remember Art Installation Vandalized – Lithuanian Jewish Community, 14 October 2019, https://www.lzb.lt/en/2019/10/14/walls-that-remember-art-installation-vandalized/. Accessed 9 July 2023.

Lithuania Ranked 40th in Global Index of Anti-Semitism, https://www.liberties.eu/en/stories/lithuania-ranked-40th-in-global-index-of-anti-semitism-sn-608/19643. Accessed 17 July 2023.

Walls That Remember Art Installation Vandalized – Lithuanian Jewish Community, 14 October 2019, https://www.lzb.lt/en/2019/10/14/walls-that-remember-art-installation-vandalized/. Accessed 17 July 2023.

“‘.” ' - Wiktionary, https://streetartcities.com/artists/sienos-prisimena-walls-that-remember. Accessed 9 July 2023.

“‘.” ' - Wiktionary, https://www.jstor.org/stable/24725079?saml_data=eyJzYW1sVG9rZW4iOiI1NjNhZTBmNS01NzdmLTQyZTYtODJmNy0wNWUwM2Q3MDg0ZWIiLCJpbnN0aXR1dGlvbklkcyI6WyIzZTg5OWI3Ny0xY2QzLTQyNjgtYTIyYS01MjgyN2M0NWY2NzUiXX0&seq=19. Accessed 17 July 2023.

BNS. “Lithuania's Jewish community says it feels unsafe after MP's anti-Semitic posts.” LRT, 21 June 2023, https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/2018224/lithuania-s-jewish-community-says-it-feels-unsafe-after-mp-s-anti-semitic-posts. Accessed 9 July 2023.

Budzinauskas, Vytautas. Star of David Composed of Stones in Former Vilnius Ghetto – Lithuanian Jewish Community, 23 September 2018, https://www.lzb.lt/en/2018/09/23/star-of-david-composed-of-stones-in-former-vilnius-ghetto/. Accessed 17 July 2023.

Cerneviciute, Jurate. “Mapping Vilnius as creative city.” LIMES: Cultural Regionalistics, vol. 4, no. 1, 2011, pp. 89-100. Research Gate, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/232903774_Mapping_Vilnius_as_creative_city.

Činga, Evaldas, and Ieva Sadauskaitė. “Walls that remember.” We love Lithuania, 31 March 2020, https://welovelithuania.com/en/walls-that-remember/. Accessed 9 July 2023.

Furmonavičius, Darius. “Vilnius | History, Map, & Points of Interest.” Britannica, 6 June 2023, https://www.britannica.com/place/Vilnius. Accessed 17 July 2023.

“An Index of Antisemitism.” ADL Global 100, https://global100.adl.org/country/lithuania/2014. Accessed 17 July 2023.

“Jewish Community Centre of Lithuania.” Go Vilnius, https://www.govilnius.lt/visit-vilnius/routes/discover-jewish-heritage-in-vilnius/jewish-community-centre-of-lithuania. Accessed 17 July 2023.

“Lina Šlipavičiūtė.” Kiaurai sienas, https://en.kiauraisienas.lt/lina. Accessed 9 July 2023.

“Lithuanian MP's post about Israel draws condemnation as anti-Semitic.” LRT, 9 May 2023, https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/1984809/lithuanian-mp-s-post-about-israel-draws-condemnation-as-anti-semitic. Accessed 17 July 2023.

“LITHUANIA: Streetart Vilnius - Historic Art Project - WALLS THAT REMEMBER.” Vagabundler, https://vagabundler.com/lithuania/streetart-map-vilnius/walls-that-remember/. Accessed 9 July 2023.

Meilus, Elmantas. “The Jews of Lithuania During the Moscovite Occupation.” Brill, 28 December 2009, https://brill.com/view/journals/lhs/14/1/article-p53_5.xml.

Moyer, Jason C., and Saulius Suziedelis. “341. The Perception of the Holocaust: Public Challenges and Experience in Lithuania.” Wilson Center, https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/341-the-perception-the-holocaust-public-challenges-and-experience-lithuania. Accessed 17 July 2023.

“The Paper Boys by Sienos prisimena / Walls that remember.” Street Art Cities, https://streetartcities.com/markers/23649. Accessed 9 July 2023.

“Plan B - Street Art and Urban Interventions.” Plan B Street Art – Street Art and Urban Interventions, www.planbstreetart.com/. Accessed 27 Aug. 2023.

Serebrin, N., and Mordechai Zalkin. “YIVO | Vilnius.” YIVO Encyclopedia, https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/vilnius. Accessed 17 July 2023.

Stencibility, www.stencibility.eu/about. Accessed 27 Aug. 2023.

“Swastika shaped using soil appears near Jewish community building in Vilnius.” Delfi, 15 September 2019, https://www.delfi.lt/en/politics/swastika-shaped-using-soil-appears-near-jewish-community-building-in-vilnius-82257129. Accessed 17 July 2023.

“'Walls that Remember' – activists stencil pre-Holocaust pictures on Vilnius' walls.” LRT, 14 September 2019, https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/1096662/walls-that-remember-activists-stencil-pre-holocaust-pictures-on-vilnius-walls. Accessed 9 July 2023.

Wladyka, Antoni. “Geschichte der Juden in Warschau 1527 bis 1795 | Stadtführer Warschau.” stadtfuehrer-warschau, https://stadtfuehrer-warschau.com/juden-in-warschau-von-1527-1795/. Accessed 17 July 2023.

Žemaitaitis, MP Remigijus. “Lithuania's Jewish community says it feels unsafe after MP's anti-Semitic posts.” LRT, 21 June 2023, https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/2018224/lithuania-s-jewish-community-says-it-feels-unsafe-after-mp-s-anti-semitic-posts. Accessed 17 July 2023.

Zimberg, Alexis M. “THE SPRAY CAN IS MIGHTIER THAN THE SWORD: STREET ART AS A MEDIUM FOR POLITICAL DISCOURSE IN THE POST-SOVIET REGION.” 2012. Georgetown University, https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/557900/Zimberg_georgetown_0076M_11852.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y.

"The Shohet" in Utena, created in summer 2020

The artist with a recent mural in  Seirijai, Lithuania .