Why this? The Basics
During the Soviet era, art played a crucial role in the system of Soviet propaganda. Politicians employed street-scale art to monumentalize figures like Stalin while also glorifying the entirety of the regime. While these physical reminders of the USSR are forever immortalized in photographs, post-Soviet cities have attempted to reclaim their pre-Soviet identity and often invent new identities. Street art was an obvious choice. Originally used as a means to reclaim public space as information spheres where banned topics were presented, street art has continued to be used as a place of political discourse. Whether legal or illegal, it allows citizens to play an active role in making their mark on a city, reshaping the narrative of their urban life, and reinventing the urban fabric of a place.
Illegalities aside, street art is an unbarred medium that allows anonymous commenters to express their sentiment on a truly public stage. (Zimberg 2012, 5)
General categories of graffiti:
Anonymous (Riga, Latvia)
Murals
Jurgis Maciunas, the 'Wise Old Man' (Kaunas, Lithuania)
Freehand Writing
Anonymous (Vilnius, Lithuania- personal photo)
Techniques
Stencils
Sticker Art
Anonymous (Tartu, Estonia- personal photo)
Wheatpastes
Airbrush
Anonymous (Lithuania)
History
graffiti by its modern definition—writing on public walls to convey a message, however vulgar or seemingly meaningless—was first recorded in the early 1970s and credited to Soviet football fanatics. (Zimberg 2012, 12)
The 1980s saw a loosening of restrictions and increased access to media. A disparate variety of groups became responsible for graffiti/street art production. Everyone from pacifist groups, fascists, anarchists, hippies, punks, and Antifa participated in this art form.
(left to right, clockwise) Photo 1: Anarchist symbol in Tartu, Estonia (anonymous- personal photo) Photo 2: Anarchist symbol inside pacifist message in Riga, Latvia (anonymous, personal photo) Photo 3: Vilnius Riot Squad tag in Vilnius, Lithuania. Such tags are found all over Europe (anonymous)
Punk lovers, ideologically opposed to figures of authority, also began to systematically tattoo the Soviet streets with their chosen badge, the anarchist symbol. (Zimberg 2012, 13)
Vilnius, Lithuania
Map
Street Art in Vilnius - Street Art Cities
Walls That Remember- Lina Šlipavičiūtė-Černiauskienė
Vilnius Artifact Report
"The Shohet" in Utena, created in summer 2020
The artist with a recent mural in Seirijai, Lithuania .
Acts of Anti-Semitism
Demographics
2014 Survey from the Anti-Defamation League: 36% of Lithuania harbors anti-Semitic attitudes/beliefs
Controversies
Recent statements (June 14th, 2023) from Lithuanian MP Remigijus Žemaitaitis have come under fire due to criticism towards Israel that ended with common antisemitic rhyme that called for the killing of Jewish people
Using this opportunity, MP Žemaitaitis is seeking to legitimize anti-Semitic attitudes and the crackdown on Jews. We strongly condemn this comment by the member of the Seimas and all forms of anti-Semitism and hatred [Israeli Ambassador Hadas Wittenberg]
2019 marked an uptick in antisemitic actions in Vilnius with a swastika found made of flowers and soil outside of the Jewish Community of Lithuania’s headquarters the week before the Day of Remembrance for Jewish victims of genocide
In 2019, the Walls That Remember were subjected to anti-semitic graffiti, occurring during the timing of the Jewish holiday of Sukkot that October
Walls That Remember Art Installation Vandalized
Ms. Šlipavičiūtė-Černiauskienė's work is more important than ever. She strives to portray everyday Lithuanians who also identify as Jewish. By choosing primarily secular images of Jews, she shows their inherent humanity while also honoring their memory and the loss of the Jewish community in Lithuania. Because Ms. Šlipavičiūtė-Černiauskienė uses street art as the medium by which she conveys this message, she connects the fabric of the city to its history as a Jewish center. Vilnius is not Vilnius without its Jewish history.
Tartu, Estonia
Map
Tartu tänavakunsti kaart/ Street art map of Tartu - Google My Maps
Stencibility
(Stencibility 2011)
Since 2011, Stencibility has hosted street artists from around the world in Tartu. The festival focuses on experimentation using small-scale street art produced using various mediums including stencils and stickers. Chosen artists are asked to come to Tartu without a plan or sketch to permit total artistic freedom and spontaneity. Stencibilty reinstates the egalitarian nature of street art, which, in a world of mural festivals and privatized public art, has become increasingly institutionalized.
Unique among other street art festivals, the "blank page" strategy fosters trust between artists, organizers, municipality, and the property owners of buildings being 'created on.'
Unlike other street art festivals, Stencibility ran in 2021 but focused primarily on local artists because of the Coronavirus pandemic.
They experiment with the format of a 'spraycation'- allowing artists to choose from pre-arranged locations, but produce the actual content on the spot. (stencibility.eu)
Images from stencibility.eu/gallery, 2010-2023
SLÄP! Sticker Van
SLÄP! celebrates the sticker as a form of street art. Since 2018, SLÄP! has collaborated with over 300 artists from 35 countries to cover a traveling exhibition (aka a van) with stickers. In 2023, they will cover an entire city bus with stickers. You can be a part of this too! Send stickers to:
Stencibility Post office box 95 Ringtee post office Võru 167 50115 Tartu Estonia
1/4 of the stickers sent will be sent back as trade packs to all the participants 1/4 of the stickers sent will be sold to support the exhibition 2/4 of the stickers sent will be slapped on the city bus
Plan B
Plan B is a plan devised for an outcome other than in the usual (expected) plan. (planbstreetart.com)
Cambell's Soup
"The [Campbell's soup] cans are accompanied by sentences that are mimicking original Campbell’s advertisement slogans. Together they create a critical stance towards the popularity and commercialization of street art." (planbstreetart.com)
La Liberté
A street art take on Eugène Delacroix’s painting La Liberté guidant le peuple alludes to art's, in particular street art's, ability to reinvent social and political systems in the name of 'liberty for all.'
Final Thoughts
Urban culture is composed of two categories: material and non-material culture. Street art represents a marriage of these two levels and thus is the epitome of urban culture. As an art form, street art exhibits all of the characteristics of material culture: aesthetic appeal, a physical relationship with a creator, allusions to other well-known cultural objects, etc., but it also carries symbolic meaning, historical narratives, social networks, and political messages- non-material culture.
(Vilnius, Lithuania- personal, Ugninis Povilas using soot burning technique)
The three cities whose urban spaces we explored and recorded- Vilnius, Riga, and Tartu- can all be defined as 'creative cities.' Such cities rely on the capacity of the arts and culture to foster urban livability, social cohesion, and cultural identity. Through personal evidence, observational data, and quick internet searches detailing the various art/music/cultural festivals held in each of these cities, it is obvious that Riga, Vilnius, and Tartu more than fulfill this definition.
(Tartu, Estonia- personal, anonymous)
The medium of street art enabled the preservation of material and non-material culture throughout the Soviet regime. Its anonymous nature, flexible application, and universality of visual expression allow the two levels of culture to exist in concert while also engaging viewers in the aesthetic, political, cultural, and historical discourse offered by street art.
(Riga, Latvia- anonymous, Kristians Brekte)