With courtesy of IUPAT DC11

Report Citations

Offshore Wind Industry

Photo with courtesy of IUPAT DC11

Executive Summary

American Society of Civil Engineers. (2021). 2021 Report Card for America’s Infrastructure.  https://infrastructurereportcard.org/cat-item/energy-infrastructure/ 

Kohley, J. (2022). OCEAN POWER : Developing the Offshore Wind Supply Chain in the United States. Pdf available upon request.

Shields, M., ​​Marsh, R., Stefek, J., Oteri, F., Gould, R., Rouxel, N., Diaz, K., Molinero, J., Moser, A., Malvik, C., & Tirone, S. (2022, March 23). The Demand for a Domestic Offshore Wind Energy Supply Chain. No. NREL/TP-5000-81602). National Renewable Energy Lab.(NREL), Golden, CO (United States).  https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy22osti/81602.pdf  

The White House (2021). “FACT SHEET: Biden Administration Jumpstarts Offshore Wind Energy Projects to Create Jobs.” Washington, D.C.  https://www.whitehouse.gov/brief ingroom/statements-releases/2021/03/29/fact-sheet-biden-administration-jumpstarts-offshore-windenergy-projects-to-create-jobs/ 

Introduction

Energy Sector Management Assistance Program. (2022). Offshore wind technical potential: Analysis and maps. ESMAP.  https://esmap.org/esmap_offshorewind_techpotential_  analysis_maps

Lopez, A., Roberts, B., Heimiller, D., Blair, N., & Porro, G. (2012, July). U.S. renewable energy technical potentials: A GIS-based analysis - NREL. National Renewable Energy Laboratory.  https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/51946.pdf 

U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2022). Electricity generation, capacity, and sales in the United States.  https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/electricity/electricity-in-the- us-generation-capacity-and-sales.php 

Gulf Coast

Bachtel, L. A., Forrester, J. P., & Pogue, E. R. (2022, July 21). Biden administration takes action to accelerate offshore wind in Gulf of Mexico and southeast: Perspectives & Events: Mayer Brown. Perspectives & Events | Mayer Brown.   https://www.mayerbrown.com/en/perspectives-events/publications/2022/07/biden-administration-takes-action-to-accelerate-offshore-wind-in-gulf-of-mexico-and-southeast 

Baurick, T. (2021, December 3). Louisiana oil workers built first U.S. offshore wind farm on East Coast. Can they do it on Gulf Coast? MIT Climate Portal.  https://climate.mit.edu/posts/louisiana-oil-workers-built-first-us-offshore-wind-farm-east-coast-can-they-do-it-gulf-coast 

Department of Energy. (2022). Workforce training and education. WINDExchange.  https://windexchange.energy.gov/training 

Diamante, R. (2022, February 3). Texas taps into federal funding to clean up abandoned oil wells. Texas to clean up abandoned oil wells.  https://spectrumlocalnews.com/tx/south-texas-el-paso/news/2022/02/04/texas-taps-into-federal-funding-to-clean-up-abandoned-oil-wells 

National Labor Relations Board. (2022). Keppel Amfels, L.L.C. Keppel AmFELS, L.L.C. | National Labor Relations Board.  https://www.nlrb.gov/case/16-RC-247118 

Port Isabel Press. (2021, August 22). Huelga de Amfels: Workers, Organizers Strike for Union at amfels, employees vote against it. Port Isabel-South Padre Press.  https://www.portisabelsouthpadre.com/2019/09/20/huelga-de-amfels-workers-organizers-strike-for-union-at-amfels-employees-vote-against-it/ 

Tamborrino, K. (2022, May 30). America's next wind powerhouse: The Gulf of Mexico? POLITICO.  https://www.politico.com/news/2022/05/30/energy-wind-gulf-of- mexico-00035446 

LOCAL INITIATIVES AND PROJECTS; RHODE ISLAND

4C Offshore. (2022). Bold Tern: Heavy Maintenance and Construction. 4C Offshore | Empowering Intelligence.  https://www.4coffshore.com/vessels/vessel-bold-tern-vid87.html 

American Society of Civil Engineers. (2021, February 17). Rhode Island Infrastructure Report Card. ASCE's 2017 Infrastructure Report Card.  https://2017.infrastructurereportcard.org/state-item/rhode-island/ 

Brink, T. S., & Dalton, T. (2018). Perceptions of commercial and recreational fishers on the potential ecological impacts of the Block Island Wind Farm (US). Frontiers.  https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2018.00439/full 

Coflein. (2010) North Hoyle Offshore Windfarm, Prestatyn.  https://coflein.gov.uk/en/site/409317/ 

Eversource Energy. (2021, April 14). Ørsted and Eversource Establishing Regional Offshore Wind Foundation.  https://www.eversource.com/content/docs/default-source/investors/ orsted-eversource-provport-press-release-041421.pdf?sfvrsn=b74cdb62_0 

Fenton, J. (2016, July 12). News: Save the bay blasts proposed $20 million ProvPort expansion. GoLocalProv . https://www.golocalprov.com/news/save-the-bay-blast-proposed-20- million-provport-expansion 

Froese, M. (2017, May 1). Block Island officially switches from diesel to offshore wind power. Windpower Engineering & Development.  https://www.windpowerengineering.com/ block-island-officially-switches-diesel-offshore-wind-power/ 

Grabow, C. (2021, August 2). Jones Act Inflicts Costly Burden on US Offshore Wind. CATO Institute.  https://www.cato.org/commentary/jones-act-inflicts-costy-burden-us-offshore- wind# 

Hewett, A. (2017, October 3). The Unifying Appeal of Offshore Wind Power . The National Wildlife Federation Blog.  https://blog.nwf.org/2017/06/the-unifying-appeal-of-offshore- wind-power/ 

Merchant, E. F. (2017, October 17). This controversial law could stifle the US Offshore Wind Market. Greentech Media. h ttps://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/this -  controversial-law-could-stifle-us-offshore-wind 

New Jersey Wind Council. (2020, April 22). New Jersey Wind Council Report: Recommendations Issued Pursuant to Executive Order No. 79.  http://d31hzlhk6di2h5.cloudfront.net/20200422/dd/86/6f/a9/5f2179b012cf528b9ba354c1/Wind_Council_Final_Report_2020.04.21.pdf 

Revolution Wind. (2021, April 14). Ørsted and Eversource Establishing Regional Offshore Wind Foundation Component Manufacturing Facility at ProvPort in Rhode Island. Regional Offshore Wind Foundation Component Manufacturing Facility at ProvPort.  https://revolution-wind.com/news/2021/04/14/16/00/regional-offshore-wind-foundation-component-manufacturing-facility-at-provport 

Skinner, L., Raman, A., Hoek Spaans, A., Shetler, M., & Valdivia, M. (2022, May 1). Climate for change: A complete climate jobs roadmap for New York City. Climate for Change: A Complete Climate Jobs Roadmap for New York City.  https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/111277 

The United States Government. (2022, June 23). Fact sheet: Biden Administration launches new Federal-State Offshore Wind Partnership to grow American-made clean energy. The White House.  https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2022/06/ 23/fact-sheet-biden-administration-launches-new-federal-state-offshore-wind-partnership-to-grow-american-made-clean-energy/ 

U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2022). U.S. Energy Information Administration - State Electricity Profiles.  https://www.eia.gov/electricity/state/archive/2012/rhodeisland/ 

Ørsted. (2022). Our offshore wind projects in the U.S. Our Offshore Wind Farms (US) | Ørsted.  https://us.orsted.com/wind-projects 

OSW Supply Chain

Burke, S., Elkind, J., Govaerts, B. & King, E. (2021, October 4). System Shock: Russia’s War and Global Food, Energy, and Mineral Supply Chains. [Speakers]. Hindsight Up Front | Ukraine, Wilson Center.  https://www.wilsoncenter.org/event/system-shock-russias-war- and-global-food-energy-and-mineral-supply-chains 

International Renewable Energy Association & International Labour Organization. (2021). Renewable Energy and Jobs - Annual Review 2021. IRENA and ILO. Abu Dhabi, Geneva.  https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/Oct/ IRENA_RE_Jobs_2021.pdf 

Kohley, J. (2022). OCEAN POWER : Developing the Offshore Wind Supply Chain in the United States. Pdf available upon request. 

McDermott, J. (2022, May 28). Energy secretary: US offshore wind jobs should be union jobs. AP News.  https://apnews.com/article/politics-north-america-new-london-c3dc7c489af3ad 93539e34789eacd3a6 

Memija, A. (2022, May 6). Ørsted and NABTU Sign ‘Historic’ Project Labor Agreement for US Offshore Wind. OffshoreWIND.biz.  https://www.offshorewind.biz/2022/05/06/orsted-and-nabtu-sign-historic-project-labor-agreement-for-us-offshore-wind/ 

Musial, W., Spitsen, P., Beiter, P., Duffy, P., Marquis, M., Cooperman, A., Hammond, R., & Shields, M. (2021). Offshore wind market report: 2021 Edition. US Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy (EERE): Washington, DC, USA.

Ørsted. (2022, May 5). North America’s Building Trades Unions and Ørsted Agree to Build an American Offshore Wind Energy Industry with American Labor.  https://us.orsted.com/news-archive/2022/05/national-offshore-wind-agreement 

Shields, M., ​​Marsh, R., Stefek, J., Oteri, F., Gould, R., Rouxel, N., Diaz, K., Molinero, J., Moser, A., Malvik, C., & Tirone, S. (2022, March 23). The Demand for a Domestic Offshore Wind Energy Supply Chain. No. NREL/TP-5000-81602). National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States).  https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy22osti/81602.pdf 

Williams, M. & Sutton, T. (2021, October 4). Creating a Domestic U.S. Supply Chain for Clean Energy Technology. Center for American Progress.  https://www.americanprogress.org/article/creating-domestic-u-s-supply-chain-clean-energy-technology/ 

Scaling up OSW Support Vessels

Akin Gump. (2021, May 13). As Offshore Wind Energy Projects Expand, So Too Does the Reach of the Jones Act.  https://www.akingump.com/en/news-insights/as-offshore-wind-energy- projects-expand-so-too-does-the-reach-of-the-jones-act.html 

Knight, P. & Casey, J. (2022, June 1). U.S. Customs Agency Issues Guidance on Jones Act Compliance in Connection with Offshore Wind Projects. The National Law Review.

Knobloch, K. (2022, June). Building a Domestic Offshore Wind Supply Chain. 2022 Labor Energy Partnership.  https://laborenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/LEP-site- OSW-Workshop-Summary-Report.pdf 

Legal Information Institute. (2022).  Jones Act. Cornell Law School.

Schuler, M. (2022, July 21). St. Johns Ship Building Lays Keel for First Jones Act Compliant Crew Transfer Vessel Under New Ownership. gCaptain.  https://gcaptain.com/st-johns- ship-building-lays-keel-for-first-jones-act-compliant-crew-transfer-vessel-under-new-ownership/ 

U.S. Customs and Border Protection. (2021, January 27). H309186: Coastwise Transportation; Coastwise Towing; Scour Protection; 46 U.S.C. § 55102; 46 U.S.C. § 55111; 19 CFR § 4.80(b).  https://rulings.cbp.gov/ruling/H309186 

UK CASE STUDY Introduction and History of the Blyth Offshore Demonstration Farm

Catapult: Offshore Renewable Energy. (2022). UK offshore wind history. UK offshore wind history – Guide to an offshore wind farm.  https://guidetoanoffshorewindfarm.com/offshore-wind-history 

The Crown Estate. (2022). Asset Map: Monthly Offshore Wind Power Output. Asset map | Asset map.  https://www.thecrownestate.co.uk/en-gb/what-we-do/asset-map/#tab-2 

Deign, J. (2019, March 25). UK's Blyth Retirement offers an early view of offshore wind decommissioning. UK's Blyth Retirement Offers an Early View of Offshore Wind Decommissioning | Greentech Media.  https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/blyth-offshore-wind-decommissioning 

Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy. (2020, March 4). Offshore wind: Sector deal. GOV.UK.  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/offshore-wind-sector-deal 

Durakovic, A. (2021, December 23). Blyth floating wind demonstrator pushes ahead, 14 MW turbines in play. Offshore Wind Biz.  https://www.offshorewind.biz/2021/12/23/blyth- floating-wind-demonstrator-pushes-ahead-14-mw-turbines-in-play/ 

Evans, S. (2022, July 8). Analysis: Record-low price for UK offshore wind is four times cheaper than gas. Carbon Brief: Clear on Climate.  https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-record-low-price-for-uk-offshore-wind-is-four-times-cheaper-than-gas/ 

McNally, P. (2022, February 18). An efficient energy transition: Lessons from the UK's offshore wind rollout. Institute for Global Change.  https://institute.global/policy/effienient- energy-transition-lessons-uks-offshore-wind-rollout 

Nightingale, T. (2021, September 24). Offshore wind clusters. RenewableUK Blog.  https://www.blog.renewableuk.com/post/offshore-wind-clusters 

Offshore Wind Growth Partnership. (n.d.). Clusters. https://owgp.org.uk/clusters/

Offshore Wind Growth Partnership. (n.d.). Sharing in growth offshore wind - owgp.org.uk.  https://owgp.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/SiG-Offshore-Wind-Programme-Flyer-Jan-2021.pdf 

Port of Blyth. (2021, September 17). Port opens unique £1m wind turbine training facility. Port of Blyth | Leading UK Offshore Energy Support Base.  https://portofblyth.co.uk/port-opens-unique-1m-wind-turbine-training-facility/ 

Thomas, G. N. (2021, June 13). Wind energy in the UK: June 2021. Wind energy in the UK - Office for National Statistics.  https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/articles/windenergyintheuk/june2021 

U.K. Department of Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy. (2019, June 27). UK becomes first major economy to pass net zero emissions law. GOV.UK.  https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-becomes-first-major-economy-to-pass-net-zero-emissions-law 

U.K. Department of Trade and Industry. (2002). A strategic framework for the offshore wind industry.  https://tethys.pnnl.gov/sites/default/files/publications/A_Strategic_Framew ork_for_the_Offshore_Wind_Industry.pdf 

Job Quality

Buljan, A. (2021, March 25). Almost 70,000 people will be working in UK offshore wind sector by 2026. Offshore Wind.biz.  https://www.offshorewind.biz/2021/03/25/almost-70000- people-will-be-working-in-uk-offshore-wind-sector-by-2026/ 

Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy. (2020, March 4). Offshore wind Sector Deal - one year on.  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/offshore-wind-sector -deal/offshore-wind-sector-deal-one-year-on 

HM Revenue & Customs (2022, March 16). Percentile points from 1 to 99 for total income before and after tax. Gov.UK.  https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/percentile- points-from-1-to-99-for-total-income-before-and-after-tax 

International Trade Union Confederation. (2022, April 8). Roundtable: Offshore wind sector in the UK.  https://www.ituc-csi.org/Offshore-wind-sector-in-the-UK 

Naimoli, S. (2021, October 21). The United Kingdom’s Offshore Wind Industrial Strategy. Center for Strategic and International Studies.  https://www.csis.org/analysis/united-kingdoms- offshore-wind-industrial-strategy 

National Careers Service. (2022). Wind Turbine Technician. Gov.UK.  https://nationalcareers.serv 

Norris, R. (2021, March 24). More than 69,000 jobs and £60 billion private investment in UK offshore wind by 2026. RenewableUK.  https://www.renewableuk.com/news/557871/ More-than-69000-jobs-and-60-billion-private-investment-in-UK-offshore-wind-by-2026.htm 

Norris, R. (2020, March 4). Offshore wind industry announces targets to employ 3,000 apprentices and a more diverse workforce. RenewableUK.  https://www.renewableuk.com/news/491745/Offshore-wind-industry-announces-targets-to-employ-3000-apprentices-and-a-more-diverse-workforce.htm 

Office for National Statistics. (2022, February 17). Low carbon and renewable energy economy, UK: 2020.  https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/environmentalaccounts/bulletins/finalesti mates/2020 

Offshore Engineer. (2021, September 13). UK Union Calls for Stronger Link between Offshore Wind Projects and Local Jobs.  https://www.oedigital/com/news/490555-uk-union-calls- for-stronger-link-between-offshore-wind-projects-and-local-jobs 

Offshore Wind Industry Council. (2022, May). Offshore Wind Skills Intelligence Report.  https://www.owic.org.uk/_files/ugd/1c0521_9ffe327ec7da4522b7991226db27fee6.pdf 

RMT Press Office. (2021, March 25). Offshore Wind Industry Council Job Creation. RMT.  https://www.rmt.org.uk/news/offshore-wind-industry-council-job-creation/ 

RWE in UK and Ireland. (n.d.). Offshore wind turbine technician apprenticeship: RWE in the UK.  https://uk-ireland.rwe.com/career/apprenticeships/offshore-wind-turbine-technician- apprenticeships 

Workplace Safety

The Crown Estate. (2022, April). Offshore Wind Report: 2021.  https://www.thecrownestate.co.uk /media/4095/2021-offshore-wind-report.pdf  

G+ Global Offshore Wind Health and Safety Organisation. (n.d.). Global Offshore Wind Health and Safety Organisation Overview.  https://www.gplusoffshorewind.com/__data/assets/ /pdf_file/0010/773722/G-General-overview-presentation-2022-_UpdateJuly.pdf 

G+ Global Offshore Wind Health and Safety Organisation. (n.d.). Membership.  ​​https://www.gplusoffshorewind.com/membership 

DEI

British Chamber of Commerce in Taipei. (2021). Women in the Taiwan Offshore Wind Industry.  https://www.bcctaipei.com/sites/default/files/2021-10/Women%20In%20The%20Taiwan%20Offshore%20Wind%20Industry_ENG_Final.pdf 

Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy. (2020, March 4). Offshore wind Sector Deal - one year on.  https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/offshore-wind-sector -deal/offshore-wind-sector-deal-one-year-on 

Norris, R. (2021, March 24). More than 69,000 jobs and £60 billion private investment in UK offshore wind by 2026. RenewableUK.  https://www.renewableuk.com/news/557871/ More-than-69000-jobs-and-60-billion-private-investment-in-UK-offshore-wind-by-2026.htm 

Norris, R. (2020, March 4). Offshore wind industry announces targets to employ 3,000 apprentices and a more diverse workforce. RenewableUK.  https://www.renewableuk.com/news/491745/Offshore-wind-industry-announces-targets-to-employ-3000-apprentices-and-a-more-diverse-workforce.htm  

Offshore Wind Industry Council. (2022, May). Offshore Wind Skills Intelligence Report.  https://www.owic.org.uk/_files/ugd/1c0521_9ffe327ec7da4522b7991226db27fee6.pdf 

The Crown Estate. (2022, April). Offshore Wind Report: 2021.  https://www.thecrownestate.co. uk/media/4095/2021-offshore-wind-report.pdf 

Looking Forward

Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy and The Rt Hon Greg Hands MP. (2022, January 25). £60 million boost for floating offshore wind. Gov.UK.  https://www.gov.uk/ government/news/60-million-boost-for-floating-offshore-wind 

HM Government. (2022, April 7). British Energy Security Strategy: Secure, clean and affordable British energy for the long term.  https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/gov ernment/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1069969/british-energy-security-strategy-web-accessible.pdf 

RWE Renewables. (2021, November 30). RWE signs its largest ever PPA with EDF.  https://ww w.rwe.com/en/press/rwe-renewables/2021-11-30-rwe-signs-its-largest-ever-ppa-with-edf 

Ports

Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. (2021, October). Offshore Wind Leasing Path Forward 2021–2025.  https://www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/documents/renewable-energy/ state-activities/OSW-Proposed-Leasing-Schedule.pdf 

Crowle, A., & Thies, P. (2022). Floating offshore wind turbines port requirements for construction. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part M: Journal of Engineering for the Maritime Environment.  https://doi.org/10.1177/14750902221078425 

Elkinton, C., Blatiak, A., & Ameen, H. (2014). Assessment of Ports for Offshore Wind Development in the United States (No. 700694-USPO-R-03). Garrad Hassan America.

Fialka, J. (2020, October 28). Floating Offshore Wind Turbines Set to Make Inroads in U.S.

Kirkland & Ellis. (2022, April 29). New Lease Areas, Record-Breaking $4.37B Lease Sale Showcase Big Bet on the U.S. Offshore Wind Sector — What Comes Next?  https://www.kirkland.com/publications/kirkland-alert/2022/04/us-offshore-wind-sector 

Marsh, J. (2021, December 27). Ports benefit from more than $241 million in federal grants. American Shipper.  https://www.freightwaves.com/news/ports-benefit-from-more-than- 241-million-in-federal-grants 

Marsico, R. (2021, February 4). South Jersey Sets Sail with Offshore Wind and Other Investments.  https://njbmagazine.com/monthly-articles/south-jersey-sets-sail-with- offshore-wind-and-other-investments/ 

Musial, W., Spitsen, P., Beiter, P., Duffy, P., Marquis, M., Cooperman, A., Hammond, R., & Shields, M. (2021). Offshore wind market report: 2021 Edition. US Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy (EERE): Washington, DC, USA

New Jersey Wind Port. (n.d.). The New Jersey Wind Port is expected to support up to $500 million in new economic activity within the State and region each year.  https://nj.gov/windport/ 

O’Boyle, M., & Solomon, M. (2022, July 19). Unleashing the economic power and reliability potential of West Coast offshore wind. Utility Dive . https://www.utilitydive.com/news/ /unleashing-the-economic-power-and-reliability-potential-of-offshore-wind/627538/ 

Parkison, S. B., & Kempton, W. (2022). Marshaling ports required to meet US policy targets for offshore wind power. Energy Policy, 163, 112817.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2022. 112817 

Shields, M., ​​Marsh, R., Stefek, J., Oteri, F., Gould, R., Rouxel, N., Diaz, K., Molinero, J., Moser, A., Malvik, C., & Tirone, S. (2022, March 23). The Demand for a Domestic Offshore Wind Energy Supply Chain. No. NREL/TP-5000-81602). National Renewable Energy Lab.(NREL), Golden, CO (United States).  https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy22osti/81602.pdf 

State of Maine Governor’s Energy Office. (n.d.). Gulf of Maine Floating Offshore Wind Research Array. Maine.gov.  https://www.maine.gov/energy/initiatives/offshorewind/ researcharray 

The White House (2021). “FACT SHEET: Biden Administration Jumpstarts Offshore Wind Energy Projects to Create Jobs.” Washington, D.C.  https://www.whitehouse.gov/brief ingroom/statements-releases/2021/03/29/fact-sheet-biden-administration-jumpstarts-offshore-windenergy-projects-to-create-jobs/ 

U.S. Department of Energy. (2022, January). Offshore Wind Energy Strategies Report. U.S Department of Energy (DOE): Washington DC, USA.

U.S. Department of Transportation. (2021, March 29). U.S. Department of Transportation Announces Funding Availability for Port Infrastructure Development Program.  https://www.transportation.gov/briefing-room/us-department-transportation-announces-funding-availability-port-infrastructure 

Training and Education

An Act Concerning a Just Transition To Climate Protective Energy Production And Community Investment. CT SB00999. (2021).  https://www.cga.ct.gov/2021/sum/pdf/2021SUM0043- R03SB-00999-SUM.pdf 

Bright, Z. (2022, June 24). Offshore Wind Energy Bills Passed by Rhode Island Legislature. Bloomberg Law.  https://news.bloomberglaw.com/environment-and-energy/offshore- wind-energy-bills-passed-by-rhode-island-legislature 

Clearway Energy. (2022). West Virginia Wind Energy Apprenticeship Program.  https://www.clearwayenergygroup.com/westvirginia/ 

Climate Jobs Rhode Island. (2022). Moving Rhode Island to a Green Economy.  https://climatejobsri.org/ 

Connecticut Roundtable on Climate Jobs. (2021). Senate Bill 999: The Climate and Community Investment Act.  https://ctclimateandjobs.org/campaigns/sb999/ 

ILR Worker Institute. (2021, May 7). NYS Passes Labor Standards on Clean Energy Work. ILR School, Cornell University.  https://www.ilr.cornell.edu/worker-institute/labor-leading- climate/nys-passes-labor-standards-clean-energy-work 

Kohley, J. (2022). OCEAN POWER : Developing the Offshore Wind Supply Chain in the United States. Pdf available upon request.

Maryland Energy Administration. (2021). Maryland Offshore Wind Workforce Training Program - FY 2022. Maryland.gov.  https://energy.maryland.gov/Pages/Info/renewable/offshore windworkforce.aspx 

Musial, W., Spitsen, P., Beiter, P., Duffy, P., Marquis, M., Cooperman, A., Hammond, R., & Shields, M. (2021). Offshore wind market report: 2021 Edition. US Department of Energy (DOE), Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy (EERE): Washington, DC, USA.

Neumann, D. (2022, April 29). Maine labor coalition scores major legislative win creating renewable energy jobs. Beacon.  https://mainebeacon.com/maine-labor-coalition-scores- major-legislative-win-creating-renewable-energy-jobs/ 

New York State Energy Research and Development Authority. (2022, July 5). Governor Hochul

North Kingstown Chamber. (n.d.). About WindWin RI. WindWinRI.  https://windwinri.com/about- windwinri/ 

Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. (2022). Wind Energy Education and Training Programs. WINDExchange.  https://windexchange.energy.gov/training- programs 

Shields, M., ​​Marsh, R., Stefek, J., Oteri, F., Gould, R., Rouxel, N., Diaz, K., Molinero, J., Moser, A., Malvik, C., & Tirone, S. (2022, March 23). The Demand for a Domestic Offshore Wind Energy Supply Chain. No. NREL/TP-5000-81602). National Renewable Energy Lab.(NREL), Golden, CO (United States).  https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy22osti/81602.pdf 

Skopljak, N. (2019, August 7). New US Apprenticeship Program Targets Offshore Wind Training. OffshoreWIND.biz.  https://www.offshorewind.biz/2019/08/07/new-us- apprenticeship-program-targets-offshore-wind-training/ 

The White House (2021). “FACT SHEET: Biden Administration Jumpstarts Offshore Wind Energy Projects to Create Jobs.” Washington, D.C.  https://www.whitehouse.gov/ briefingroom/statements-releases/2021/03/29/fact-sheet-biden-administration-jumpstarts-offshore-windenergy-projects-to-create-jobs/ 

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