Selling Sunshine

Citrus fruits are not indigenous to Florida, nor is its cultivation exclusive to the state. Domestically, California and Texas both have considerable citrus industries of their own. Brazil and China’s production both dwarf Florida’s. But no other place in the world has so closely and successfully linked its identity with the citrus industry. After a century of intense marketing and branding, Florida’s international image is synonymous with citrus and sunshine.

This exhibit explores the history of Florida's citrus industry through various materials held by University of South Florida Tampa Library’s Special Collections: post cards, sheet music, rare books, promotional materials, industry documents, and political correspondence. If Florida's identity is irrevocably entwined with the citrus industry, some of these materials served as the glue that joined them in the public's mind. For Florida boosters, it was not just a matter of marketing citrus. They sold, and still sell, a bit of Florida sunshine in every crate of citrus and carton of orange juice.

By the mid-1600s, China was still largely a mystery to Europeans. The scramble for Asian spices had been underway for 150 years, but few Europeans had provided first-hand information of China’s flora and fauna. Jesuit missionary Michel Boym traveled to China on behalf of the Austrian crown, spending ten years there. Among his notable achievements were the conversion of the Ming Emperor to Catholicism (just before the invading Manchus took over) and his collection of illustrations and notes on plants and animals in China. Some of the fruits depicted in the sketches are still obscure to westerners: custard apple, lychee, jackfruit, etc. Pineapple, however, would become popular by the end of the 19th Century, cultivated most notably in Hawaii and Florida. By that time, citrus was a popular Florida crop. Its development as an agricultural product may have evolved separately from pineapple, but the origins of oranges were the same: the Far East. China probably first cultivated oranges with specimens from Southeast Asia. Italian traders spread the seed of the sour Persian orange for centuries. Conquistador Ponce de Leon planted Persian orange seeds in Florida soil while passing through in 1513. The Spanish obtained the sweet orange from China later in the Sixteenth Century, importing it to Latin America. Sweet oranges were introduced to Florida in about 1872. To speed production, the sweet variety was often grafted onto the branches of sour orange trees.

Florida Fruits is typical of late 19th-century literature that exalted the virtues of Florida’s warm climate and bountiful land to investors. Commercial citrus production skyrocketed in the 1870s and 1880s with the advent of improved transportation which increased the ability to ship fresh fruit and allowed investors to pour into the state. However, few prospective growers knew how to cultivate, or even grow citrus. The amount of supplemental literature intended to teach people all aspects of the industry increased rapidly in the 1880s, appearing in magazines, newspaper articles, and books.

The first citrus trees in Florida were planted by the Spanish in the settlements of St. Augustine and Pensacola in the 1500s and 1600s. By the time that Florida was officially recognized as a United States territory in 1822, Indians and travelers had inadvertently spread orange seeds across the state, and as a result, wild orange trees dotted the lakes and swamps of Florida. Taking advantage of U.S. initiatives to populate the new territory of Florida, Count Odet Philippe, a former French medical officer in the Napoleonic Wars, claimed a homestead. Philippe braved the threat of Indian attacks and the remoteness of the region to settle along the western shore of Tampa Bay in 1823. Philippe is credited with being the first person to grow citrus intended for commercial profit in central Florida, and the first permanent white settler in what is today Pinellas County.

Developing citrus to serve the needs of a grower, such as oranges with more juice or thicker-skinned grapefruits, is one of the most difficult processes involved in the industry. In the early years of experimentation to produce freeze-resistant and sweeter citrus, Lue Gim Gong, a Chinese immigrant who became an American citizen, gained respect from the citrus community and earned awards for his masterful skill in cultivation. Lue Gim Gong’s freeze-resistant oranges and grapefruits became a central Florida staple, and trees he personally budded still exist today in Deland.

The Chase family owned groves in Isleworth, what is today Orange County, Florida. The pristine environment of lakes and low-lying fields bordered by swamps, proved an ideal area for citrus growing in a county that reached its peak production in 1970 at over 80,000 acres of citrus groves. Walt Disney came to the area and began buying land in the mid-1960s; massive-scale development in the area began soon after. Today, upscale lakeside housing developments and golf courses occupy the Chase family properties at Isleworth, just a few miles away from Walt Disney World. Once the citrus capital of the world, less than 4,000 acres of citrus groves remain in Orange County as of 2010.

In the early years of citrus industry in Florida, before the use of mechanical tractors and trucks, all aspects of the industry were performed by hand. Citrus growers with extensive groves hired low-paid transient black or immigrant labor. Those with smaller holdings normally employed neighbors and family members to harvest fruit.

Railroad magnates Henry B. Plant and Henry M. Flagler laid tracks into south Florida in the late 1800s. Expecting population growth and advertising the exotic pleasures of Florida, both built lavish Florida hotels in an effort to create a new American Riviera. The proliferation of the railroads allowed growers to ship their products with great speed and brought everincreasing numbers of people into the state to make their fortunes from bountiful fruit trees. The railroads also helped shift the concentration of citrus into central and south Florida after the great freeze of 1895, when transportation routes to the market became available.

In the early years of commercial citrus growing, leadership and cooperation amongst growers remained elusive. With different growing regions, banking interests, railroad firms, and land investors competing for power in the state, citrus organizations provided an avenue in which growers could overcome common obstacles. In an industry that can be paralyzed by high shipping costs, citrus organizations used their combined power to pressure railroads and shipping companies to provide expedient service at fair prices. Competition from California citrus was also fierce and among other factors, led to a split in the ranks of the powerful Citrus Exchange Commission based out of Tampa. A variety of regional and special interest citrus organizations, such as The Florida Citrus Exchange, which is known today as Seald- Sweet; The Indian River Fruit Company; and The Florida Natural Growers, created in the early 1900s, continue to this day.

Citrus trees are evergreen flowering plants that require subtropical and tropical temperatures to survive. When temperatures drop below freezing for a prolonged period of time, citrus fruits and tree foliage can become severely damaged. Although the susceptibility to freeze damage varies according to the strain of fruit, age of the tree, and other climate factors, entire groves can be destroyed by freezes. In the winters of 1894 and 1895, subsequent hard freezes killed much of the citrus crop that had previously been centered on the St. Johns River watershed. These two consecutive freeze years pushed growers south of Ocala and forever changed the geography of the state’s citrus growing regions.

Hurricanes pose grave threats to citrus growers for a variety of reasons. High winds can damage trees and rip fruit from branches before it ripens, destroying entire crops. The flooding of groves which are oftentimes located on the edges of lakes and rivers can drown foliage and, combined with wind, uproot trees. When three major hurricanes made landfall on Florida in 2004, crop production decreased by nearly 50% from the previous year, from 291 to 169 million boxes of citrus. The following year, production remained at a twenty-year historic low after Hurricane Wilma made landfall in Naples and swept through the orange-growing regions of the state.

Combined with hurricanes and freezes, Mediterranean fruit fly infestations also pose a major threat to the industry. The "Medfly" is one of the world’s most destructive pests and can infest over 400 plant species, and over 200 commercially grown fruits and vegetables. Larvae destroy fruit from the inside. Coupled with its short incubation period, the fly can spread rapidly, destroying acres of groves in a matter of days. A recent reoccurrence of the Medfly in the mid-1990s led state regulators to impose strict quarantines on fruit exports to stop the spread. An eradication program introduced sterile male flies into disease-infested areas, and the deployment of thousands of baited traps. Heavy spraying of Malathion in and near urban areas prompted concern about possible side effects for humans. Although adult flies have a limited ability to disperse, global trade makes total eradication of this pest nearly impossible, and traps are still distributed to monitor their presence across the state.

Published in 1919, this reproduction of a speech delivered to a meeting of citrus growers discussed many of the solutions to the organizational problems associated with the industry. Compared to the 1911 meeting of the Citrus Grower Association, the problems of financing, marketing and pressure from California products had all been addressed. Indeed, by the 1920s Florida citrus was one of the most profitable industries in the state, supporting not just growers, but also bankers, railroad companies, industrial manufacturers, shipping firms, and real estate investors. The citrus industry is the leading contributor to agriculture produced in the state, which is the second largest contributor to the Florida economy behind tourism.

The state of Florida witnessed its first major land boom in the 1920s. The land speculation bubble burst in 1926 and fell flat with the Great Depression after 1929. Land investors lauded the exotic image of Florida to northerners, going as far as buying billboards in Times Square to advertise Miami developments. The crash resulted in hundreds of planned communities such as Aladdin, Port Dixie, and Pomello Park being abandoned, or never being fully realized. Commodities poured into the state at such a high rate that the three largest Florida railroad companies cut off all freight, except foodstuffs and basic supplies, from entering the state in 1925. Part of the speculation rested on the image that Florida soil was perfect for growing citrus, and cities such as Orlando and Lakeland grew on the promise of bountiful fruit harvests.

With the rise of lithography in the late 1800s, colorful citrus crate labels were popularized in California in the 1880s. Until the 1950s, Florida citrus associations and growers employed colorful, eye-catching, and oftentimes fantastic labels to attract customers to their products. Some labels depicted everyday Florida pastoral scenes, such as a sunrise over a lake bordered by citrus groves, or a wading bird sitting on the edge of a river. Others portrayed Florida much the same way investors during the land boom did in the 1920s, by playing on customers ‘exotic’ preconceptions about the state. The more exotic depictions on citrus labels often consisted of Native American or Seminole tribe members in a variety of situations that had little to do with the product. Oftentimes labels depicted attractions that tourists to the state would find enticing, such as hunting or horse racing. Unemployed artists during World War I and the Great Depression supplied much of the citrus industry with its beautifully hand-painted artwork. The heyday of the citrus label artwork occurred from the 1920s to the early 1950s, when cardboard boxes replaced the wooden crates that were previously used to ship citrus. Once cardboard boxes became the industry standard, cheaper printed labels replaced lithography.

Citrus labels often consisted of nothing about the actual fruit they were meant to sell. Effectively persuading customers with an exotic attraction and catchy name, growers could sell Florida itself through label depictions. Trademarked in 1925, the “SnoBoy” brand covers a variety of fruits and vegetables grown by the former Pacific Fruit Company.

Citrus marketers commonly used representations of Native Americans on labels in order to portray an exotic appeal to prospective customers. In reality, citrus fruits are not native to the Western Hemisphere, and there is little evidence that the Seminole tribe of Florida ever grew citrus in groves after they were introduced by the Spanish. Those early Spanish imports were all of the sour, unpalatable breed. Sweet varieties of oranges were not cultivated and imported until the mid-19th Century.

Many citrus labels depicted Florida’s pastoral beauty to attract customers with images of plentiful harvests. Nearly all of the state’s core citrus growing regions in central Florida claimed to have their own unique variety of citrus that was more “famous,” sweeter, or produced more orange juice than any other. Oranges, tangerines, limes, lemons, and grapefruits were all commercially grown in Florida by the turn of the 20th century. With the copious number of growers and companies vying for business, citrus labels provided a way to entice customers and a lasting brand loyalty.

After the Florida land bubble burst in 1926, and with the onset of the Great Depression, land investors that survived bankruptcy utilized new tactics to market citrus land. Although the underlying “booster” tone remained the same, developers needed to show why their operation was different and give realistic goals. The planned community of Howey-in-the-Hills was meant to solve all the common problems of transportation, marketing and freezes that growers faced in the early years of the industry. The founder William J. Howey was also the first to implement a citrus-juicing factory in the state of Florida in 1921. Howey-in-the-Hills prospers to this day as a luxury resort community, as well as a citrus-juicing house where groves still dot the town’s outskirts.

The first post cards produced in the United States appeared in conjunction with the 1893 Chicago Exposition, and reached their golden age in the first three decades of the 1900s. In a process typical of the industry, black and white photographs were taken of a desired landscape and artists hand-painted color into the scene. The colored template would then be replicated through lithography, producing post cards in great quantities for the tourists that flocked to Florida. Early post cards share similarities to citrus labels, in that they both attempt to present the exotic pastoral scenes of Florida’s attractions to tourists and northerners.

Part of President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal, the National Youth Administration published guides to employment opportunities for youth during the Great Depression.

Sheet music from the booster period demonstrates the romanticized portrayal of exotic Florida. Although most of the music from the period emulated the immensely popular 1851 song by Stephen Foster, “Old Folks at Home” that described the Suwannee River, a variety of Florida landscapes and attractions were popularized by musicians and cover artists.

Finding labor to work in citrus groves has always been a point of contention in the industry. In the early years, when groves were large enough, black and immigrant labor supplied groves with cheap, plentiful, and most importantly, migratory labor. During WW II, all available labor was employed in factories supporting the war effort or had been drafted into military service. However, the U.S. Army housed approximately 10,000 German prisoners of war in rural Florida camps, where they were employed mostly as agricultural labor, which included the picking, juicing, and packing of citrus. The trend of growers utilizing migratory workers continues to this day, as most of the citrus pickers are low-paid Hispanic laborers. The citrus industry touted itself as essential for the war effort, but all of its canned and concentrated products were too impractical and unpalatable to play a role at the front. Tasty orange juice concentrate would not be available until 1948, well after the war ended. But the advent of concentrated juice became a boon in the postwar economy.

The State of Florida and the Florida Citrus Commission issued regular bulletins and brochures about citrus with an eye toward marketing. Hype had helped build Florida’s citrus industry, and now that hype was directed toward consumers. Increased consumption of citrus would nurture Florida’s industry, and the state employed countless marketers, nutritionists, and home economists to create and disseminate recipes and tips involving the fruit.

The novel serving suggestions of Florida’s home economists often did not resonate with the public. Oranges are most often consumed fresh or squeezed into juice. Consumers and chefs rarely cooked with citrus until recently.

By the 1980s, the state rethought its approach, replacing the bulletins and brochures with impressive looking cookbooks. While the authors and publishers did not work directly for the Florida Citrus Commission, such associations can be identified in the fine print. It took chefs such as Norman Van Aken to create a “Floribbean” style of cooking that relied on fresh and light preparations built around the vibrant flavors and colors of South Florida’s produce. Van Aken and his cohorts dubbed themselves "The Mango Gang" because of their interest in tropical fruits, including citrus.

The modernization of the industry began in the 1930s with the major proliferation of juicing machinery. However, it was not until the 1950s that mechanized lines quickened the process at all levels of production. Workers still packed citrus into boxes and packed them on pallets, but little else in the process was done by hand, beyond the picking of fruit. Women worked many of the factory jobs in citrus plants, including the peeling of fruit to be sold as fresh-cut fruit as shown in the photo.

The post-war years of American affluence boded well for the citrus industry. Demand for orange juice skyrocketed after the invention of orange juice concentrate in the 1940s by the Florida Citrus Commission, creating a product that could be cheaply shipped around the world. Growers switched marketing tactics and began appealing directly to consumers and housewives to sell their products. Citrus organizations sponsored hundreds of community events across Florida to highlight their products, including a Citrus Queen pageant.

The modern citrus industry in Florida faces a variety of issues that imperils its future in the state. Encroaching suburban development and foreign competition present the biggest problems. As the fourth most populous state in the nation, development has increasingly encroached on the historic areas of citrus production in central and south Florida, especially the surrounding regions of Tampa Bay, Orlando, and Miami-Palm Beach.

Foreign competition from Brazil continues to grow at an astounding rate, outpacing production in Florida in all categories. The Brazilian citrus industry utilizes low labor costs and cheap fertilizer to produce significantly cheaper citrus than Florida, even after the shipping and tariff costs to import it into the United States. While Brazil may dominate the concentrate and overseas markets, Florida citrus is coveted by fresh juice makers.

The acreage in Florida that is devoted to growing citrus is continuously shrinking, yet the Florida Citrus Commission remains steadfast in its confidence that Florida citrus will prevail. Marketing the quality of Florida grown orange juice and diversifying businesses to include shipping gift fruit remain the greatest hopes for the future of the industry in Florida.

One of the most pressing issues facing the citrus industry in the late 20th and early 21st century has been the slow encroachment of developers. The aerial photos from 1962 and 1988 outline the original Carrollwood area of Tampa that lies between Dale Mabry Boulevard, Busch Boulevard, and Fletcher Avenue. Growers often plant citrus trees beside lakes and on riverfronts to keep them warm during freezes. Developers place a premium on waterfront properties as well, so competition for these lands is inevitable. Skyrocketing land prices tempt struggling growers to sell out. The historic citrus-producing areas of the state have again shifted since the 1940s as the coastal areas have been developed. Today citrus is primarily grown in the south-central spine of the state from Polk County to the counties surrounding Lake Okeechobee.

Citrus, like much of the hand-picked agriculture in the United States, is primarily picked by Hispanic migrants who move across the country with the growing seasons. Any disruption in laborers can have disastrous effects on the industry. Recent calls for tighter immigration regulations left grove owners struggling to find workers to pick their trees in recent years. When workers cannot be found, fruit will literally rot and fall from branches, resulting in higher demand and increased prices of orange juice for the consumer.

As comprehensive accounts of the Florida citrus industry, these summaries demonstrate the decline in citrus acreage across the state. For example, the population of St. Lucie county along the east coast increased by almost 80,000 people in the ten year span from 2000-2010. In the same period, the total acreage of citrus groves in the county decreased from 99,000 to 18,000 acres. Faced with rising competition from Brazil and enticing offers to sell valuable acreage to real estate developers, more growers are leaving the industry every year.

With over nine out of ten oranges produced in Florida going to make fresh juice, the fate of the citrus industry relies heavily on the consumer market. Competition from Brazil has increased rapidly since the 1980s, and any slack in production has been filled by imported oranges. With growing concerns over low priced imports, coupled with rising land prices, many owners are encouraged to sell their lands to developers. The USF Libraries Oral History Program has recorded and transcribed a series of interviews with Twenty-First Century citrus growers and made them available to the scholarly community.

Mansfield, Bill. Florida Citrus Oral History Project. Tampa, Fla: University of South Florida Tampa Library, 2005. For more of Bill Mansfield's interviews, please click:  Florida Citrus Oral History Project. 

Aronson, Virginia. Gift of the Unicorn: The Story of Lue Gim Gong, Florida's Citrus Wizard. Sarasota, Fla.: Pineapple Press, 2002.

Bize, Louis A. Relation of the Citrus Industry to Values in Florida: Delivered at a Meeting of the Citrus Growers of the State Held in Lakeland in the Spring of 1919. Tampa, Fla.: Citizens-American Bank and Trust Company, 1919.

Boym, Michel, and Michael Rictius. Flora sinensis: fructus floresque humillime porrigens, serenissimo et potentissimo principi, ac domino, domino Leopoldo Ignatio, Hungariae regi florentissimo, &c. : fructus saeculo promittenti Augustissimos. Viennae Austriae: Typis Matthaei Rictij, 1656.

Florida Citrus Commission. Florida's Favorite Recipes for Citrus Fruits. Lakeland, Fla.: Florida Citrus Commission, 1954.

Florida Department of Agriculture. The Story of Florida Citrus. Tallahassee, Fla.: Dept. of Agriculture, 1962.

Gonzalez Kirby, Diana. Fresh from Florida: six decades of recipes--featuring everyone's favorite fruits. Houston, Tex: Gulf Pub. Co., 1996.

Harcourt, Helen. Florida Fruits: How to Raise Them. Louisville, Ky.: John P. Morton and Co., 1886.

National Youth Administration Florida, U. S. 1940. The Citrus Industry and Occupations in Florida. [by A. R.] mead. The National Youth Administration for Florida, eds. Floridiana Collection, Arthur Raymond -. Mead and Arthur Raymond b. Mead. Joe A. Youngblood, state youth administrator: Tallahassee.

Speir, Elizabeth, and William Schemmel. Florida Citrus Cookbook. Atlanta, GA.: Marmac Pub. Co., 1985.

Stennis, Mary A. Florida Fruits and Vegetables in the Commercial Menu. Tallahassee, Fla.: Dept. of Agriculture, 1931.

Van Aken, Norman, and Susan Porter. Norman Van Aken's Feast of Sunlight. New York: Ballentine Books, 1988.

Walsh, Beth H. Using Florida Fruits: Citrus. Gainesville: Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 1970.

Brincklow, S.R. Resolution. (Dunedin, Fla.: Quality Orange Growers, Inc., 1 March 1965).

"Brooksville: The Home of the Tangerine." Suniland 1, no. 5 (February 1925): 89.

Chase, Frank. "Record of Frank Chase." Unpublished manuscript, dictated December 15, 1969.

Chase, Joshua C. "Minutes of Convention of Citrus Fruit Growers of Florida, Called to meet in Orlando, Florida, Saturday, November 4, 1911." Unpublished manuscript, last modified November 4, 1911.

Clewis, Jr., R.M. Florida Citrus for Health. (Tampa, Fla.: Richu Groves, Inc., 4 December 1964).

"Davenport, Florida." Suniland 1 no. 5 (December 1924): 59.

Dunn, Hampton, "Mother of Miami Lured Flagler with Orange Blossoms, circa 1960s" (1960). Hampton Dunn Photouring Florida Collection. 55.  https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/dunn_phototouring/55 

Florida Agricultural Statistics. Citrus Summary / Florida Department of Agriculture, Florida Crop and Livestock Reporting Service ... [et al.] 2002/2003. , eds. Florida Agricultural Statistics Service, Florida Agriculture and Consumer Services Division of Marketing and Development and Florida Marketing Bureau Section. Orlando, Fla.: The Service.

Florida Agricultural Statistics. Commercial Citrus Inventory / Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Florida Agricultural Statistics Service [and] Division of Plant Industry 2006. , eds. Florida Agricultural Statistics Service, Florida Division of Plant Industry. Orlando, Fla.: The Service.

Florida Citrus Exchange. "History of Florida Citrus Commission." Citrus Magazine. 4 no. 11 (May 1944): 1.

Florida Clearing House News. Winter Haven, Fla.: Florida Citrus Growers Clearing House Association, 25 May 1929.

Halgerson, Alvin, and Robert Stuart Bowen. Orange Blossom Trail. Tampa, Fla.: Robert Stuart Bowen, 1949.

Heaton, Frank G. "From Tree to You." Suniland 1, no. 6 (March 1925): 36-39.

Howey, W.J. The New Citrus Era. Howey-in-the-Hills, Fla.: W.J. Howey Co., 1930.

McKay, Donald Brenham "D.B." "A French Count Planted a Grove in Pinellas County." Unpublished manuscript, ca. 1820s.

Morris, Allen. 2005. Allen Morris [electronic resource] / interviewed by William Mansfield, eds. Bill Mansfield, University of South Florida Globalization Research Center, University of South Florida Libraries Florida Studies Center Oral History Program and University of South Florida Tampa Library. Tampa, Fla.: University of South Florida Tampa Library.

Moss, G.C. Florida Calls to You. Hilton, Va.: G. Cuthbert Moss, 1936.

Muraro, Ron. 2005. Ron Muraro [electronic resource] / interviewed by William Mansfield, eds. Bill Mansfield, University of South Florida Globalization Research Center, University of South Florida Libraries Florida Studies Center Oral History Program and University of South Florida Tampa Library. Tampa, Fla.: University of South Florida Tampa Library.

Seald-Sweet Chronicle. Tampa, Fla.: [Florida Citrus Exchange], 1929.

Silent Intruder. West Palm Beach, Fla.: Central and Southern Florida Flood Control District, [1975?].

Skilling, Robert. Mid the Orange Trees and Blossoms She is Waiting. Chicago: Victor Kremer, 1901.

“South Florida Swept by Storm.” The Morning Tribune. 9 no. 221(September 13, 1903): 1

Suniland, 1924-1927. Floridiana Collection, Tampa: Fla. Peninsular Pub. Co.

Upjohn, Fred, Joseph Dillon, and L. Harrison Broome. That's Florida Sure's You're Born. Jacksonville, Fla.: Dillon and Upjohn, 1937.

Way, Jane. "Value and Uses of Citrus Fruits." Suniland 1 no. 2 (November 1924): 66.

Young, Robert. Florida Crab Plant Design and Sanitation. Miami, Fla.: Marine Laboratory, Virginia Key, University of Miami, July 1957.

Burgert Brothers Collection of Tampa Photographs, Special Collections Department, Tampa Library, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.  https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/burgert/. 

Dunn, Hampton Collection, Special Collections Department, Tampa Library, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida. http://digital.lib.usf.edu/?u29.139-d29-ead.

Dunn, Hampton Photouring Florida Collection. Special Collections Department, Tampa Library, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.

Dunn, Hampton Postcard Collection, Special Collections Department, Tampa Library, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.  https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/dunn_postcards/. 

Florida Heritage Collection, Special Collections Department, Tampa Library, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.

Florida Photos Collection, Special Collections Department, Tampa Library, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida. http://digital.lib.usf.edu/?s54.

Harcourt Collection, Special Collections Department, Tampa Library, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.

Hawes, Leland M. Collection, Special Collections Department, Tampa Library, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida. http://digital.lib.usf.edu/?u29.90-h12-ead.

Hillsborough County Aerial Survey Map Collection, Special Collections Department, Tampa Library, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.

Kendrick, Baynard Hardwick Papers, Special Collections Department, Tampa Library, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/k6.

Lue Gim Gong Collection, Special Collections Department, Tampa Library, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.

MacManus Citrus Label Collection, Special Collections Department, Tampa Library, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida. http://digital.lib.usf.edu/?u29.150-m45-ead.

Mansfield, Bill. Florida Citrus Oral History Project. Tampa, Fla: University of South Florida Tampa Library, 2005. http://digital.lib.usf.edu/?c56.15, http://digital.lib.usf.edu/?c56.16.

McKay, Donald Brenham "D.B." Collection, Special Collections Department, Tampa Library, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida. http://digital.lib.usf.edu/?u29.91-m42-ead.

Pizzo, Tony Collection, Special Collections Department, Tampa Library, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL. http://digital.lib.usf.edu/?u29.86-p21-ead.

Severson, Al Photographic Collection, Special Collections Department, Tampa Library, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.

Stokes Collection of Florida Plant Railway Photographs, Special Collections Department, Tampa Library, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida. http://digital.lib.usf.edu/?s54

Tampa Florida Documents Collection, Special Collections Department, Tampa Library, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.

Tampa Florida Sheet Music Collection, Special Collections Department, Tampa Library, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida.

University of South Florida Photograph Collection, Special Collections Department, Tampa Library, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida. http://digital.lib.usf.edu/?u29.25-u10-ead.