A number of now abandoned or destroyed theaters were built during the construction boom of the early 20th century. Although today we think of live theatre and film as being distinct entertainment forms, early film practices evolved from and alongside theater culture, a fact that can be appreciated by the multi-purpose venues called "movie palaces" built to stage live vaudeville, concerts, opera and photo-plays. When motion picture machines were first introduced to audiences, visual effects like living pictures and shadowgraphy had already been used in vaudeville. In the early 20th-century, Benjamin Keith, Edward Albee, Marcus Loew, and William Fox built movie palace circuits that appealed to the middle- and working-class audiences of the boroughs. The Shuberts competed for the same audiences by creating the "Subway Circuit," a network of theaters built along public transportation corridors for re-staging recently closed Broadway productions. These impresarios engaged the talents of architects like Eugene De Rosa and Thomas Lamb who were also busy designing theaters in the booming Times Square district. As one author put it, a vaudevillian could assemble a Kings County route that started at "the Manhattan Beach or New Brighton in Coney Island; headed up to the B. S. Moss Flatbush, the Prospect, and the Bushwick; played the Bedford or the Fulton, hit the Strand or the Orpheum, cheek by jowl on Fulton; and finished farther north at the Novelty in Williamsburg." (Wallace, 406) Photo-play theaters were equipped with organs for live accompaniment. Some of these theaters were restored after sitting abandoned for decades, like the St. George in Staten Island.