Geography of a Lynching
The Crooked Death of Zachariah Walker
Introduction
A series of deadly events occurred on August 12 & 13, 1911 in the steel town of Coatesville, PA, which attracted international attention and condemnation.
Edgar Rice, a security guard for Worth Brothers Steel Co., was shot and killed during an encounter with African American Zachariah Walker. During his arrest the following day, Walker unsuccessfully attempted suicide, and was taken first to the Coatesville Police headquarters, then the Coatesville Hospital.
In the hours that followed, thousands of Coatesville residents formed a lynch mob, which marched through the streets of town to the hospital. They then carted Walker out of the hospital on the bed to which he was shackled, and burned him alive.
The state of Pennsylvania would soon indict 15 men and teenage boys for the murder of Zachariah Walker; all were eventually acquitted. Prominent figures, including former president Theodore Roosevelt and civil rights activist W.E.B. DuBois strongly denounced the lynching and acquittals, as did the national and international press. These incidents helped to galvanize the NAACP’s national anti-lynching campaign and led to the passage of Pennsylvania’s anti-lynching law. Walker would be the last of eight known people to ever be lynched in the state.
Edgar Rice was buried in a church cemetery just south of where he was killed. Walker’s burnt remains were sold as souvenirs of his own lynching; there wasn’t enough left of him to bury.
The story of Zachariah Walker and the deadly events of August 1911 have their origins not in a steel town in southeastern Pennsylvania, but in one of the darkest periods in American history , and a great migration of humanity that resulted from it.
Reign of Jim Crow
NAACP Advertisement. The Evening Star (Washington, DC) November 23, 1922.
The Reconstruction Era (end of Civil War to 1877) saw unprecedented civil rights gains for recently freed African Americans throughout the South, enforced entirely by the U.S. government and its troops. With the removal of federal forces from the region in 1877, nearly all those rights were slowly erased by the rise of white supremacist governments, at all levels. This included racial segregation and the preservation of white political and cultural domination in the South.
The South effectively became a segregationist police state, resulting in one of the darkest periods of American history, as African Americans were subjected to social and economic disenfranchisement, manifested in what became known as Jim Crow laws.
Dr. Charles Atkins and family look at the Sante Fe Depot sign requiring racial segregation in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 1955. (Associated Press)
Jim Crow laws were “regulations”, a formal, codified system of segregation and disenfranchisement, which dominated the South for nearly one hundred years. Jim Crow laws affected almost every aspect of daily life for African Americans, and failure to observe them resulted in incarceration and physical attacks, including lynching. Some lynchings occurred secretly under cover of darkness, deep in the countryside; others happened in plain sight in towns, encouraged and witnessed sometimes by hundreds of white perpetrators, during staged public events. Lynching could manifest itself in any number of violent, bloody forms.
Photograph of the 1935 lynching of Rubin Stacy, in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. His lifeless, handcuffed body dangled for hours as townspeople, including children, came to gawk. (New York Public Library, New York, New York)
"Lynchings in the United States, 1900 to 1931"
The map at left is the author's modern interpretation of a Tuskegee Institute study in the 1930's, which mapped the hundreds of recorded lynchings that occurred in the US between 1900 to 1931. It represents only a fraction of the nation's lynchings. It does not include those from 1900 to 1931 which are forgotten to history, or those that occurred between the end of the Civil War (1865) and 1900.
The map demonstrates that while most lynchings occurred in the South, nearly every state in the country experienced them.
The Great Migration
"Map showing the distribution of the slave population of the southern states of the United States. " Compiled from the U.S. census of 1860 by E. Hergesheimer. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C..
From 1780 until 1910, more than 90% of the African American population lived in the South. The author’s map at the left, an interpretation of 1900 U.S. Census data, reveals that the geographic distribution of African Americans remained little changed, between the end of slavery and the beginning of the 20th century, when compared to the slavery map above.
African Americans wait for a northbound train in Jacksonville, Florida, 1921. (Upfront Scholastic)
With the failure of Reconstruction, a trickle of African Americans leaving the region soon became a torrent: some 6 million, between the years of 1910 and 1970, migrated north and west. This human wave is known as The Great Migration, and it profoundly changed the complexion of the nation’s demographics forever: by the mid-20th century little over half of the African American population lived in the South. It stands as the largest and most rapid mass internal movements in history, which was not caused by the urgent threat of execution or starvation.
Harlem New York, 1930's. (Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York, New York)
The migration meant leaving what had always been the African American economic, social, and geographic base. They were drawn to the employment and relative safety and freedom of industrial cities far from the racial police state that was the South, including one in southeastern Pennsylvania: Coatesville.
Black Steel Mill Worker in Coatesville, Pennsylvania, circa 1920. (Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware)
Industrial Giant: Pennsylvania
20th Century Pennsylvania
Overview of J & L Steel Mill on the Monongahela River at Night F. Ross Altwater, 1937. (Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)
From the end of the Civil War until the mid 1900’s, Pennsylvania was a key part of the American industrial age. It was one of the nation’s leaders in natural resource extraction (lumber, petroleum, natural gas, and coal) in the second half of the 19th century, and by the beginning of the 20th century, it was a leader in the production of iron and steel. Dozens of railroads, large and small, serviced these industries; at its apex, Pennsylvania railroads boasted more than 10,000 miles of tracks.
Baldwin Locomotive Works, Philadelphia, 1928. (The Library Company of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)
During this period of prosperity and growth, the state attracted millions of immigrants. Many of these people hailed from northern and eastern Europe. Between 1900 and 1910, Pennsylvania witnessed the largest population increase of any decade in its history, which included some of the first African Americans who were part of the Great Migration.
Many of these people moved into Pennsylvania’s largest and most famous industrial centers, Philadelphia and Pittsburgh. It was also home to dozens of smaller industrial centers scattered across the state, including Coatesville.
"Pittsburgh of the East"
Lukens Rolling Mills. Late 19th century. (Hagley Musuem and Library, Wilmington, Delaware)
Coatesville is located some 40 miles west of Philadelphia, in Chester County. Founded as a village in the deep valleys along the banks of the Brandywine River on Lancaster Pike (now Lincoln Highway) in the late 18th century, it was first known as Bridge-Town, after two bridge crossings on the river. In 1867, Bridge-Town merged with the adjacent railroad village of Midway to become the borough of Coatesville, naming itself for Moses Coates, a prosperous 18th century farmer. Coatesville citizens voted to become Chester County’s first and only city in 1915.
Brandywine Iron Works and Nail Factory. 19th century. Founded in 1818, it was one of the first heavy industries in Coatesville. (National Iron & Steel Heritage Museum, Coatesville, Pennsylvania)
Lukens Life Cover, Nov. 1954. View of Lukens Steel Co. railroad overpass on W. Lincoln Hwy. (Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware)
Until the mid-19th century, Coatesville was a small mill town surrounded by farm fields and woodlands. Coatesville’s location at the intersection of roads, railroads, and the hydro power of the Brandywine River, however, would soon transform this landscape into an important regional industrial center; the bottom-lands along the river would soon give way to nearly 1,000 acres of behemoth metal manufacturing plants and extensive train yards, while the commercial district sprang up along Lincoln Highway, and residential streets were laid out on the hills above the valley.
Coatesville, Lincoln Hwy. at 2nd Ave., looking west. (A History of Coatesville, PA, Mark Ford)
Coatesville's Industries
Valley Iron Works. Hexamer General Surveys 1890. (Philadelphia Free Library, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)
The establishment of the Brandywine Iron Works and Nail Factory in 1810 would lead to the creation of other heavy manufacturing companies over the years along both sides of the Brandywine, including Lukens Steel, Valley Iron Works, and Worth Brothers Steel Company (the physical extent of these companies ran for miles along the river, and beyond the city boundary of Coatesville).
Worth Brothers Rolling Mills. Early 20th century view looking southwest, from Coatesville's Boxtown neighborhood (National Iron & Steel Heritage Museum, Coatesville, Pennsylvania, Collection of Ron Echoff)
Between 1890 and 1920, as the heavy industries of the city grew, so did Coatesville, and it quickly became known as the "Pittsburgh of the East." In 1900, the population stood at 5,700; it would nearly double in ten years and by 1930, reach its historical apex of nearly 15,000 residents.
Employment in the city attracted immigrants from Europe, as well as the U.S.; both black and white individuals from the rural South migrated to Coatesville, as companies like Valley Iron Works, Lukens Iron and Steel, and Worth Brothers Steel began to more actively recruit unskilled laborers.
Coatesville Demographics, 1911
The period of most accelerated growth in Coatesville ranged from 1900 to 1910. During that time a growing number of “strangers” arrived in the traditionally native-white Coatesville. Long-established residents found it difficult to adjust to or accommodate the immigrants, and this new diversity brought challenges, and eventual polarization and segregation.
Lukens Steel Company's Trimming Group, circa 1890. (National Iron & Steel Heritage Museum, Coatesville, PA)
United States Census data in the table at left shows that Coatesville experienced two separate but connected migrations in the first decade of the 1900’s.
- In 1890 there were 3,679 people living in Coatesville; by 1900 that number rose to 5,721. Of those residents, 87% were classified as native white.
- Foreign-born and black populations increased noticeably after 1903, and out of proportion to the increase of the native white population.
- Coatesville's population was 11,082 by 1910, nearly double the 1900 population and three times the number in 1890.
- By 1920, the native white population declined to 75% of the total, as 1,751 European immigrants (primarily Russian, Italian and Austro-Hungarian) and 1,881 Southern blacks immigrated into the town.
- By the end of the 1920’s, the foreign-born and black population comprised over one-fourth of the total population, a dramatic change that took place in fewer than ten years.
- Between 1900 and 1910, Coatesville had the largest percentage increase in the black population of any community in Pennsylvania.
As the population rapidly became more diverse, Coatesville found itself in the middle of a national experience of historic proportions. Like many other communities in the Northeast and Midwest, within a single generation, the town experienced a physical and demographic transformation of unprecedented magnitude.
The long-time residents of Coatesville accepted this transformation with reservation, if at all. An indication of this attitude was the apparent pattern of ethnic and racial separation that emerged in the town, which existed well into the 20th century.
Native white and black neighborhoods had existed in Coatesville for decades; their definite, unofficial distinct boundaries were not crossed. The black population lived in the "East End" centered on E. Chestnut St., surrounded on three sides by the much larger white native community, with the tracks of the Pennsylvania Railroad comprising the fourth side. “West End”, centered on the intersection of Lincoln Hwy. and Strode Ave., contained most of the new Eastern European population, as demonstrated in the map at left.
The long-established residents, both white and black, did not welcome the new immigrant citizens of the town. As a result, these people were forced to seek homes away from the native residents, gathering in ethnic enclaves on the edges of town.
Lukens Steel Company Employee Houses. Circa 1920. (Hagley museum & Library, Wilmington, Delaware)
The industries in town encouraged this pattern of spatial separation and geographic isolation by offering low-cost, company-owned housing away from the established, segregated residential areas. What developed were derelict communities called Rock Run (to the north of Coatesville), The Spruces and Bernardtown (to the south), where recent immigrants, white and black, lived. All of these communities were located more than a mile from the town’s business district and just beyond Coatesville’s municipal boundaries.
Steel Worker's Wife Ironing Clothes. Arthur Rothstein, 1938. (Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.)
Tensions in the town were also was also fueled by another demographic component: many of the new immigrants to Coatesville were young, single men. As in many industrial communities like Coatesville, paychecks were issued at the end of the week, and these individuals sought out the town’s watering-holes on Friday and Saturday, to drink and socialize. These activities often spilled into the streets, and the center of town often came to a stand-still, due to roving bands of revelers, fighting, property damage, harassment, and gun-play. The six-man Coatesville police force could do little to maintain order.
Steelworkers. 1938, Arthur Rothstein. (Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.)
Two individuals, on opposite sides of Coatesville’s demographic equation, soon transformed these escalating tensions into series of deadly events, when their paths collided on darkened road just south of town.
A white law officer, Edgar Rice was a long-established white resident of Coatesville. In 1911, he was a security officer for the Worth Brothers Steel Company, located at the south end of town. He once served as town police officer, and by all accounts, was one of the Coatesville’s most popular and respected citizens.
Leaving his hometown of Standardsville, Virginia in the early 1900’s, black migrant worker Zachariah Walker found employment at Coatesville's Worth Brothers Steel Company. He lived just a short distance to the south, in The Spruces migrant community. Little is known about him, prior to his arrival in Coatesville.
Like other young steelworkers, flush with cash from their Friday payday, Walker found himself drinking in town on Saturday August 12, 1911. The story of his tragic encounter with Edgar Rice, followed by the horrific reaction to it, begins at the main street intersection of Coatesville, on that August evening.
A Series of Deadly Events
Saturday, August 12, 1911
1. Lincoln Highway and 1st Avenue
In the early evening of August 12, 1911, a drunken Zachariah Walker begins walking south on First Ave. towards his home in The Spruces, a small migrant worker community, located in the hills just south of Coatesville.
Coatesville, PA: Lincoln Hwy., near 1st Ave. Late 19th century. (Chester County Historical Society, West Chester, Pennsylvania)
2. Walker Discharges Pistol at Two Men
Shortly after crossing the covered bridge across the Brandywine River and entering the village of Bernardtown, Walker accosts two Polish workers, firing a pistol at them. Scaring off the two without injuring them, Walker continues to head south on Youngsburg Rd. toward The Spruces.
3. Walker Murders Rice
Around 9PM, Worth Brothers Steel Company’s security guard Edgar Rice hears gunfire from the south. He leaves the company’s guardhouse on South First Ave. and heads south to investigate.
Rice catches up to Walker on Youngsburg Rd, on a hill above Bernardtown. While attempting to apprehend Walker, a struggle ensues, and Walker shoots Rice multiple times. Walker heads south on Youngsburg Rd., and hides out on a bluff, near his home in The Spruces; Rice staggers to Miclerick’s store in Bernardtown, where he dies a few minutes later. Word spreads of the incident, and Coatesville police officers begin searching unsuccessfully for the murderer.
Sunday, August 13, 1911
4. Walker Apprehended
Around 1AM (August 13), Walker continues south, heading for the shelter of the countryside above the murder site; he spends the night in Norm Entrekin’s barn, at the crest of the hill near the intersection of Youngstown and Upper Gap roads.
On the morning of August 13, Walker is encountered by several local people, who unsuccessfully try to detain him; he flees a short distance and attempts to hide in a cherry tree on the nearby Robert Faddis property. Authorities arrive and capture Walker following an unsuccessful suicide attempt by gun. Seriously injured, he is transported along Youngsburg Rd. and 1st Ave., to the Coatesville police station.
5. Transport to the Coatesville Police Station
After arrival at the police station, then located at the corner of Chestnut St. and Third Ave., Walker is examined by Dr. Artinis Carmichael, who determines that while his wound his not life threatening, it will require surgery, and recommends his transport to the Coatesville Hospital for surgery. Walker is conscious, and admits to murdering Rice. As angry Coatesville residents fill the streets seeking revenge, Walker is moved to the hospital a mile away in East Fallowfield Twp., under heavy police escort.
Southwest Corner of Third Ave. and Chestnut St. This photo was taken in the early 1900's and features the Washington Hose Company. The Coatesville Police Station was located in the building at right. (Coatesville Fire Department, Coatesville, Pennsylvania)
6. Movements on Lincoln Highway
This corridor was an area of large-scale gatherings of Coatesville residents, after the announcement of Edgar Rice’s murder, and the arrival of Zachariah Walker at the police station. First hundreds, then thousands of Coatesville residents horded onto Lincoln Hwy. and the surrounding streets, seeking news of the events, and eventually revenge.
Postcard of the Brandywine Fire Company. Circa 1900. Coatesville Fire Company, Coatesville, PA.
In the early evening of August 13th, thousands began to make their way to the Coatesville Hospital, beginning their journey from the front of the Brandywine Fire Company, in the center of town. The mob was dense enough to block other traffic along West Lincoln Highway and Strode Ave.
Postcard of The Tube Mill and High Bridge. Circa 1900. Both Walker's police escort and mobs passed this site, located on the north side of Lincoln Hwy., on their way to the Coatesville Hospital. (Coatesville Historical Commission)
7. Walker's Abduction at the Coatesville Hospital
Around 4PM, Walker comes out of surgery at the hospital. He is placed in a straight- jacket, and secured to the foot board of the bed, with a police shackle on his right ankle. At approximately 9PM, the growing lynch mob outside the hospital demands that Walker be turned over to them. Guarded by only one Coatesville police officer, the mob easily push through the hospital doors.
Coatesville Hospital. Circa 1900. (Chester County Historical Society, West Chester, Pennsylvania)
Unable to release the shackle attached to Walker’s foot, the lynch mob tears the foot-board off the bed, and drags Walker out of the hospital still attached to it, down to the gates of the hospital on Towerville (now Doe Run) Rd. After beating the defenseless man, the lynch mob drags Walker south on Towerville Rd. for about a half mile, until they reached the Sarah Newlin farm.
8. Walker is Lynched
With the mob now approaching several thousand strong, the ring leaders decide to lynch Walker by burning him alive on the Sarah Newlin farm (now a PECO sub-station), a quarter mile south of the hospital. Dry straw and hay were gathered from the Newlin barn, as well as wooden fence railings. After firing the pyre, Walker was thrown into it, still attached to the hospital bed foot board. He attempted to escape from the fire multiple times, but was thrown back each time. His agonized screams could be heard a half mile away.
"For God's sake, give a man a chance. I killed Rice in self-defense. Don’t give me no crooked death because I’m not white.”
Zachariah Walker, as he was being led to his death.
Curiosity Seekers at the Lynching Site. Court Photographer Joseph Belt, August 14, 1911 (Chester County Historical Society, West Chester, Pennsylvania)
Zachariah Walker's Remains. Court Photographer Joseph Belt, August 14, 1911 (Chester County Historical Society, West Chester, Pennsylvania) As was the custom of the time, the bodies of lynching victims were often dismembered, and body parts were taken away as gruesome souvenirs of the event. On the morning after Walker's lynching, Coatesville boys sold his charred body parts on the street corners of the town.
Aerial Landscape Imagery of the Events
The following oblique aerial photos. were taken by the Dallin Aerial Survey Company in the early 1900's. While the photos were taken after 1911, Coatesville remained little unchanged during that period, and the photos well represent the the land cover/land use of the Walker events.
Photos courtesy of the Audiovisual Collections and Digital Initiatives Department, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware.
Walker's Route August 12, 1911
This aerial view looks to the northeast, and highlights Walker's route from the center of Coatesville along S. 1st Ave., to the site in Bernardtown, where he murdered Edgar Rice.
Lynching Route August 13, 1911
This view, looking south east, illustrates the route the lynch mob took took from the center of Coatesville to the hospital where Walker was abducted, then onto the lynching site on Towerville Rd., a short distance away.
The site where Walker murdered Rice can be seen at upper right.
Aftermath
Immediate Reactions
News of the lynching spread quickly; reports of the event began appearing in headlines in local newspapers on August 14, and country-wide shortly after. Major newspapers adamantly condemned the lynching and the residents of Coatesville, including the Outlook, a New York based periodical, which declared the town “a blot on civilization”. Black newspapers weighed-in, denouncing its injustice and disgrace. Ex-president Theodore Roosevelt declared that any Coatesville residents who refused to come forward or testify were "on a level of criminality with their victim." Even Southern newspapers quickly took advantage of the tragedy, and commented that racial lynching, long associated with the South, was not absolutely restricted to that region.
District Attorney Robert Gawthrop, circa 1900. (Gawthrop Greenwood Attorneys at Law, West Chester, Pennsylvania)
Criminal investigations began almost immediately. Later that eventful Sunday evening, District Attorney Robert Gawthrop announced his intention to prosecute the lynchers to the fullest extent of the law. Pennsylvania Governor John K. Tener affirmed that the state would do everything in its authority to enforce the law and punish the responsible parties, and ordered the state attorney general and his deputy to aid in the investigation.
The image compilation at left features headlines from just a few newspapers, in the days following the lynching. (John Emmons Collection, Times & Democrat, Allentown Leader, Pittsburgh Dispatch, Topeka Daily Capital, Tacoma Times)
Under this intense scrutiny, Coatesville closed ranks in defiance. Of the thousands who participated in the events of August 13, few testified for the grand jury. Those present at Walker’s abduction and death claimed they could not remember the details, nor recognized anyone else there. 160 witnesses would be subpoenaed and interrogated by a grand jury; its final report denounced a "conspiracy of silence," that concealed the crime and protected the participants. The fight for justice was also marred by confusion, misinformation, numerous false arrests, and errant reports carried in the local newspaper, the Coatesville Record.
(The image at left highlights an interview with Annie Rice, widow of Edgar Rice, in the Washington Herald, August 15, 1911.)
Indictments and Trials
Map of West Chester, Pennsylvania. (Witmer Maps, 1873)
On September 20, 1911, eight men were indicted for murder in the lynching of Zachariah Walker and their trials began in October, at the Chester County Courthouse in West Chester, located 15 miles east of Coatesville. By the beginning of 1912, fifteen men in total would be indicted for murder; half of these defendants were under the age of twenty-one. In spite of the solid evidence the grand jury had amassed against them, all would be acquitted.
In January 1912, the Commonwealth petitioned the State Supreme Court for a change of venue citing that "a well-defined, deep seated, deliberately formed and openly expressed public sentiment" existed. This unprecedented step was not granted; the court denied the change of venue on constitutional grounds and the remaining cases were rescheduled for the May term. Gawthrop requested that charges on the remaining defendants be dropped, as to continue “would only tend to humiliate the administration of justice."
Not guilty verdicts against each of the accused were quickly returned by the jury. As a result, not one person was ever convicted in the lynching of Zachariah Walker.
Commentaries on the acquittals appeared throughout the nation, including the NAACP's The Crisis, where editor W.E.B. Dubois mockingly wrote, "America knows her true heroes…the last lyncher is acquitted and the best traditions of the Anglo-Saxon civilization are safe. Let the eagle scream!"
Conclusion: A Personal Reckoning
I have been a board member of Stoutsburg Sourland African American Museum (SSAAM), located in central New Jersey, since its inception in 2014. I’m also a geographic information systems (GIS) analyst, and a few years ago, I created a GIS application for SSAAM that completely changed my outlook on American history.
The “Mapping Application for African American Places, Culture & History” tool provides information for the African American history and culture of the Sourland Mountain region, as well as a geographic range covering Maine to Virginia. It became an exploration of learning about the African American experience of 400 years, including colonial plantations, historic churches, civil rights, music, arts, academia, as well many museums and cultural centers dedicated to African American interests. It would soon include a facet of African American life that I had not considered, when I began the project; Jim Crow, and the lynching associated with it.
Up to this point in my life, I considered myself to have a better than average interest and knowledge of American history. I soon realized that not only was I furthering the education of the public about the role of African Americans in culture and history, across the American landscape, I was also educating myself, and discovering that an entire segment of American history was missing from my knowledge base (and from the country’s). This includes an infamous event in Coatesville, Pennsylvania that garnered international attention and condemnation, one that I certainly should have known about.
Of all the stories and events I learned as part of the mapping project, Zachariah Walker’s is the most personal to me. He spent the last minutes of his life in the Coatesville Hospital; I began the first minutes of my life there. Despite growing up in Coatesville, my life filled with a love and passion for history, I had no idea of the events surrounding Zachariah Walker, until late in my life. No relative or teacher ever spoke of it. There was never a mention of it in any history of Coatesville I read. It wasn’t until my SSAAM mapping project, and the research involved with it, that I came to know Zachariah Walker and his terrible end.
Although it was telling and discomfiting to hear this horrific story, this is what troubled me the most: If it took most of my life to learn of this incident, how much else was I missing? What other events in African American history did I miss? Grade school and high school taught me nothing about African American history. You can’t be blamed as a child for not knowing, but once you’re an adult, you can no longer plead ignorance; you must take personal responsibility for learning what you didn’t (but should have). Being part of SSAAM played a big part in sparking that process for me.
Being part of the museum allows me to play a small part in furthering civil rights and social justice. But as much as I contribute to the organization through my skills and experience, I feel I have benefited far more; by learning the story of African American history and experience that occurred outside my front door, and by obtaining a true understanding of African American history, across time and geography, from their forced arrival in the Western Hemisphere, in a steel town in Pennsylvania, and to the events that occur today
My association with SSAAM has been a gift of enduring knowledge and purposeful actions, which I greatly appreciate.
Further geographic explorations at:
Twitter: @KevinBurkman
